Faransa da libertinage: tarihin halayen 'yanci

Faransa, asalin libertinage, ta kafa al'adu na musamman da suka haɗa falsafa da jin daɗin jiki. Wannan al'adar ta tsara halayen 'yanci na al'umma tsawon ƙarni. An haife shi a Italiya a karni na XVI, libertinage ya bunƙasa a Faransa tun daga karni na XVII.

Kalmar “libertin” ta canza tare da canje-canjen zamantakewa. Da farko tana nufin mai 'yanci daga addini, ta karɓi ma'anar sabawa da ɗabi'a. Wannan canjin ya faru a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin mabiya addini da tsananin jiki.

Karni na XVII, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da “Karni na Tsarkaka” da “Karni na libertins”, yana wakiltar wannan rarrabuwar. Masana tunani kamar Pierre Gassendi sun zama wakilai na “libertinage mai ilimi”, suna haɗa tunani mai zurfi da ƙalubalantar ƙa'idodi.

Wannan lokaci ya ga tasowar tunani mai 'yanci, wanda ya ƙi ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da na addini. Duk da ƙuntatawar iko na sarauta, libertinage ya bunƙasa, yana shafar tarihin da halayen Faransawa sosai.

Mahimman abubuwan da za a tuna

• Libertinage ya taso a Italiya a karni na XVI kuma ya bunƙasa a Faransa a karni na XVII
• Kalmar “libertin” ta canza daga ma'anar addini zuwa ma'anar ɗabi'a
• Karni na XVII na Faransa ya shaida haɗin kai tsakanin mabiya addini da libertinage
• “Libertinage mai ilimi” yana haɗa tunani mai zurfi da ƙalubalantar ƙa'idodi
• Al'adar libertine ta shafi tarihin da halayen Faransawa sosai

Asalin libertinage a Faransa a karni na XVI

Libertinage na Faransa ya bayyana a karni na XVI, wani lokaci mai mahimmanci. Wannan motsi na ilimi, wanda aka yi wahayi daga Italiya, ya bunƙasa a cikin aristocracy. Ya juyar da dangantaka tsakanin maza da mata.

Tasirin Italiya da Machiavel

Masana tunani na Italiya suna da tasiri sosai a kan libertinage na Faransa. Machiavel, Épicure da Cardano suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan tunani mai 'yanci. A 1545, Jean Calvin ya shahara da kalmar “libertin” a cikin wata takarda.

Farkon a cikin zirin aristocratic

Aristocracy na Faransa ta zama tushe na libertinage. Masana falsafa, masu lissafi da mata masu fafutuka suna ɗaukar wannan motsi na ilimi mai sabo. A 1615, wasu waƙoƙin da ba su yarda da addini ba sun kafa ƙungiya, suna yada ra'ayoyinsu ta hanyar ayyukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba.

Rawa na kotun sarauta

Kotun sarauta ta Marais tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bunƙasar libertinage. Sarakuna kansu suna yawan kasancewa a cikin tsaka mai wuya na ƙalubale na halayen. An yadu labarai game da jima'i na Henri III da “masoyansa”.

Henri IV ya shahara da yawancin abubuwan soyayya. Nasarorinsa sun shafi mata daga kotu zuwa ƙananan mata. Libertinage na karni na XVI ya kafa tushe na wani motsi da zai yi tasiri a tarihin halayen Faransawa.

Faransa da libertinage: ci gaban tarihi

Tarihin halayen Faransawa yana bayyana wani abin ban sha'awa ci gaban libertinage. A karni na XVI, wannan motsi yana da yawa a cikin ilimi. Karni na XVII, duk da sunansa na “karni na Tsarkaka”, ya ga libertinage yana bunƙasa fiye da haka.

Karni na XVIII yana nuna wani muhimmin juyin juya hali. Faransa libertine ta bunƙasa, motsin yana haɗuwa da ɗabi'a mai 'yanci. Régence (1715-1723) ta ga libertinage na halaye yana samun gagarumin ci gaba, wanda ya yi daidai da bunƙasar haskaka.

Wannan zaman yana canza tsarin aure da zamantakewa sosai. Aure yana zama yawanci cinikayya kawai. Rarrabewar auren yana ƙaruwa a cikin aristocracy.

• Aure yana zama yawanci cinikayya
• Rarrabewar auren yana yawan faruwa a cikin manyan ajin
• Hadin kai yana ƙaruwa a cikin salons, a Bal na Opera da wurare daban-daban na nishadi

Libertinage yana wuce iyakokin zamantakewa, daga mai aiki zuwa babban sarki. Yana ƙalubalantar ƙimar ɗabi'a da aka kafa kuma yana juyar da tsarin jima'i na lokacin.

Zamanin zinariya na libertinage a karni na XVIII

Karni na XVIII yana nuna gagarumin ci gaban libertinage a Faransa. Wannan lokacin yana ganin bunƙasar adabi mai ƙarfi da tunani mai sabo. An ƙalubalanci ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da na ɗabi'a tare da ƙarfi.

Tasirin salons adabi

Salons adabi suna haɓaka yada ra'ayoyin libertine. Waɗannan wuraren sun zama wuraren tattaunawa masu zafi akan falsafa da fasaha. Sabbin ra'ayoyi na 'yancin kai da jin daɗin jiki suna bayyana a nan.

Ci gaban adabin libertine

Adabin libertine yana samun gagarumin ci gaba a karni na XVIII. Crébillon fils da Choderlos de Laclos suna samar da ayyuka masu shahara kamar Les Liaisons Dangereuses. Waɗannan romanan suna binciken jin daɗin jiki da suka yi wa ƙarya na zamantakewa.

Falsafar haskaka da libertinage

Falsafar haskaka tana shafar motsin libertin sosai. Masana suna ƙarfafa 'yancin tunani da ƙalubalantar dogmas da aka kafa. Wannan neman 'yancin kai na ilimi yana bayyana a cikin adabin libertine.

Libertinage na karni na XVIII yana bayyana a matsayin babban motsi na ilimi. Yana taka rawa a cikin zurfin ƙalubale na zamantakewa da falsafa. Gado na sa har yanzu yana ciyar da tattaunawa akan 'yancin kai da halayen.

Babban jigo na libertinage na Faransa

Libertinage na Faransa ya haifar da shahararrun mutane da suka yi tasiri a tarihin. Waɗannan libertins masu shahara sun wakilci 'yanci da sabawa da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa. Tasirinsu ya bayyana sosai a kotun sarauta ta Faransa.

Casanova da rubuce-rubucensa

Giacomo Casanova, wata fitacciyar fuska ta libertinage, ya bar wani tasiri mai zurfi tare da rubuce-rubucensa “Tarihin rayuwata”. An haife shi a 1725 a Venise, wannan mai yawon shakatawa yana wakiltar misalin mai jawo hankali na libertin.

Rubuce-rubucensu suna bayyana yawancin nasarorin soyayya da abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin Turai. Suna bayar da haske mai ban sha'awa game da al'umma ta karni na XVIII, suna bayyana halayen da shahararrun labarai na lokacin.

Marquis de Sade da rubuce-rubucensa masu jan hankali

Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, wanda aka fi sani da Marquis de Sade, wani jigo ne na libertinage na Faransa. Ayyukansa masu tayar da hankali, kamar “Justine ko Mummunan hali na ɗabi'a”, suna binciken iyakokin ɗabi'a da jima'i.

Sade yana ɗaga ra'ayin libertinage zuwa matakin ƙarshe a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Yana haɗa falsafa da jima'i, yana ƙalubalantar ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da na ɗabi'a na lokacin.

Libertins na kotun sarauta

Kotun sarauta ta Faransa tana zama wurin da ya dace don libertinage. Wasu mutane kamar Regent Philippe d'Orléans ko maréchal de Richelieu sun shahara da halayen 'yanci.

Waɗannan aristocrats suna rayuwa da burinsu ba tare da wani tsangwama ba, suna ƙalubalantar ƙa'idodin zamantakewa. Halayensu na ban mamaki yana ƙara yawan jita-jita da jan hankali ga al'umma na lokacin.

Adabin libertine da halayensa

Romance na libertins, wani nau'in adabi mai jan hankali na karni na XVIII na Faransa, yana bayyana ta hanyar jarumta da tayar da hankali. Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen ɓoyayye suna amfani da harshen da aka tsara, cike da ma'anoni don guje wa cenzura. Salon su na musamman yana ɓoye saƙonni masu juyin juya hali a bayan wani ɗan haske na bayyanar.

“Les Liaisons dangereuses” na Laclos da “Les Bijoux indiscrets” na Diderot suna nuna wannan nau'in. Waɗannan ayyukan shahararrun suna fifita tattaunawa da fasahar tunani. Suna bayar da kyakkyawan nazari akan halayen lokacin, suna ƙalubalantar ƙa'idodin zamantakewa.

Tsarin wasiƙa, wanda aka fi so a cikin adabin jima'i, yana ƙara yawan ra'ayoyin labari. Yana bayyana dabarun mai jawo hankali da ƙara wani ɓangare na tunani ga labarin. Wannan dabarar labari tana ƙara wa halayen wahala da ƙara ƙarfin tashin hankali.

Waƙoƙin libertine, wanda ba su yadu ba, suna ƙarfafa jin daɗi da 'yancin bayyana. Masu waƙa kamar Théophile da abbé de Chaulieu sun ƙara wa wannan nau'in. Ayyukansu suna shiga wurare daban-daban na zamantakewa, daga taverns zuwa salons, suna faɗaɗa fa'idar adabin libertine.

Wuraren libertinage: salons da wuraren haɗuwa

Libertinage a Faransa ya bunƙasa a cikin wurare masu ban sha'awa. Waɗannan wurare na musamman sun tsara ci gaban halaye da yada ra'ayoyin libertine. Kowanne yana da kyawawan halaye da labarinsa mai ban sha'awa.

Salons na Paris

Salons na Paris suna wakiltar asalin libertinage na ilimi. Sun haifar da tattaunawa masu zafi na falsafa da adabi. Kusan 1780, yawan su ya ƙara ƙarfin tasirin libertinage a cikin babban birnin Faransa.

Gidajen sarauta

Gidajen sarauta, musamman Versailles, suna zama wuraren jima'i ƙarƙashin Louis XV. Masu shahararrun suna bayyana nasarorinsu na soyayya ba tare da tsoron sakamako ba. Waɗannan wuraren suna wakiltar gagarumin ci gaban libertinage na aristocratic.

Manyan otal-otal na Marais

Marais, yanki mai shahara na aristocracy, yana cike da otal-otal masu kyau. Waɗannan gidajen suna karɓar hadin gwiwar libertine masu ɓoyewa. Bayan haramta jima'i a Versailles, sun zama mafaka ga soyayya ɓoyayye.

Yau, Faransa na da wurare 264 na libertins da aka jera. Cap d’Agde, babban birnin Turai na jima'i, yana ɗauke da shaguna da kulab guda hamsin da aka kware. Wannan ci gaban yana nuna dorewar gado na libertin na Faransa.

Libertinage da mulkin Faransa

Mulkin Faransa ya tsara ci gaban libertinage. Kotunan sarauta, ainihin wuraren halayen libertin, sun yi tasiri sosai a cikin al'umma ta aristocratic. Wannan tasirin ya ci gaba a cikin mulkin mulkin da suka biyo baya.

Henri III da masoyansa

Henri III, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1574 zuwa 1589, yana da alaƙa mai ban sha'awa. An kewaye shi da masoya maza da aka kira “masoyansa”, mulkinsa yana da shaharar labarai akan jima'in sa.

A lokaci guda, yana ƙara yawan abubuwan soyayya tare da matan matasa. Wannan rarrabuwar tana nuna wahalar halayen a kotun sarauta na lokacin.

Louis XIV da kotun Versailles

Sa'ad da Louis XIV ya yi mulki, libertinage ya ƙara yawan a Versailles. Kusan 1665, kotun Sarki Rana tana jan hankalin matasan sarakuna da ke son jin daɗin libertin.

Jima'i yana yaduwa a kusa da fadar. Yawan sa yana shafar lafiyar ma'aikata, har ma yana hana gina fadar.

Louis XV da masoyansa na sarauta

Louis XV, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1710 zuwa 1774, an san shi da sha'awarsa ga mata. Madame de Pompadour, masoyiyarsa, tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan siyasar ƙasar.

Ta kafa Parc-aux-cerfs, wuri da aka keɓe don jin daɗin sarki. Tare da shekaru, Louis XV, yana tsoron cututtukan jima'i, ya fi son mata masu ƙananan shekaru.

Gadon libertinage a cikin al'adar Faransa

Libertinage ya yi tasiri sosai a cikin gadon al'adu na Faransa. Tasirinsa yana ci gaba a cikin adabi, fasaha da halayen jin daɗi. Romance na libertins na karni na XVIII, kamar na Laclos da Sade, har yanzu ana nazarin su da gyarawa.

Tasirin su mai dorewa yana nuna muhimmancin libertinage a cikin al'adar Faransa. Wannan tasirin ya kafa hoton Faransa a matsayin ƙasar soyayya da jin daɗi. Wannan suna yana ci gaba a duniya, yana jan hankalin baƙi da ke neman soyayya.

Halayen jin daɗi suna zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na asalin al'adar Faransa. Libertinage ya ƙalubalanci dogmas da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa. Wannan tunani mai ƙalubalanta ya bayyana wasu ɓangarorin na Juyin Juya Hali na Faransa.

Masu bincike kamar Jean-Pierre Cavaillé sun binciko wannan gado na al'adu. Littafinsa “Postures libertines: al'adar tunani mai ƙarfi” (2011) yana zurfafa wannan batu. Gado na libertinage yana bayyana a cikin adabi, fina-finai da fasahar gani na Faransa na zamani.

Har yanzu yana ba da wahayi ga masu ƙirƙira da yana ciyar da tattaunawa akan 'yancin kai. Tattaunawar akan jima'i da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa suna nuna tasirin sa mai dorewa. Libertinage yana ci gaba da tsara al'adar Faransa ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci.

Kammalawa

Ci gaban libertinage a Faransa ya yi tasiri sosai a tarihin halayen. Daga karni na XVI zuwa karni na XVIII, wannan motsi ya canza daga wani yanayi na ilimi zuwa wani abu na zamantakewa. Tasirinsa ya bayyana a cikin adabi, fasaha da falsafa.

Tun daga shekarun 1970, binciken kan libertinage a karni na XVIII ya yawaita. Sun bayyana wahalar wannan ra'ayi. Kalmar “libertin” ta canza, daga tunani mai 'yanci zuwa rushewar ɗabi'a.

Gadon Faransa na libertinage yana ci gaba. Wasu jigo kamar marquis de Sade sun shafi tunani na zamani. Libertinage ya ƙalubalanci dogmas da aka kafa, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙalubalen zamantakewa.

Yau, tasirinsa yana ci gaba a cikin al'adar Faransa. Hakanan yana tsara ra'ayin Faransa a wajen ƙasar. Libertinage yana ci gaba da zama batu mai ban sha'awa na bincike da tattaunawa.